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1 structure investigation
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > structure investigation
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2 structure investigation
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > structure investigation
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3 structure investigation
Техника: исследование структурыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > structure investigation
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4 magnetic structure investigation
Англо-русский металлургический словарь > magnetic structure investigation
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5 magnetic structure investigation
Металлургия: исследование магнитной структурыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > magnetic structure investigation
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6 investigation
1) исследование; анализ2) мн. ч. изыскания•-
borehole investigations
- electron diffraction investigation -
electron-microscope investigation
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endoatmospheric investigation
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engineering investigations
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exoatmospheric investigation
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extraterrestrial investigation
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field investigations
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fine-structural investigation
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finite element investigation
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full-scale investigation
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geophysical investigation
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hydraulic model investigation
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microscopial investigation
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neutron diffraction investigation
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nonterrestrial investigation
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photoelastic investigation
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qualitative investigation
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quantitative investigation
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regional investigations
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research investigation
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scanning electron microscope investigation
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scientific investigation
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seismic investigations
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site investigations
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soil investigations
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space geodesy investigation
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space geological investigation
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space meteorology investigation
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space oceanology investigation
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structure investigation
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tracer investigation
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X-ray investigation -
7 clinical investigation of the role of membrane structure on blood contact and solute transport characteristics of a cellulose membrane
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > clinical investigation of the role of membrane structure on blood contact and solute transport characteristics of a cellulose membrane
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8 photochemical reagents for the investigation of nucleic acid structure
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > photochemical reagents for the investigation of nucleic acid structure
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9 исследование структуры
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > исследование структуры
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10 исследование структуры
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > исследование структуры
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11 исследование структуры
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > исследование структуры
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12 исследование магнитной структуры
Metallurgy: magnetic structure investigationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > исследование магнитной структуры
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13 исследование структуры
1) Engineering: structure investigation2) Metallurgy: structural studyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > исследование структуры
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14 Gefügeuntersuchung
fstructure investigation -
15 CIS
1) Общая лексика: Collective Investment Scheme, hum. сокр. Chromosome Insertion Sequence, коллективная инвестиционная схема, Client Information Sheet (business), межгосударственный (для стран СНГ и international для всех остальных), Common Implementation Strategy, Centre for Intercultural Studies2) Компьютерная техника: Character Information Sheet, Conversion Indexing Sorting3) Авиация: compressor inlet sensor4) Медицина: система клинической информации (clinical information system), Clinically Isolated Syndrome (дебют рассеянного склероза), Клинически Изолированный Синдром5) Разговорное выражение: эсэнгэвский6) Американизм: Central Intelligence Services, Construction Industry Scheme, Consumer Information Statement, Criminal Investigation Section, Customs Information System7) Военный термин: Canadian Intelligence Service, Central Information Service, Central Instructor School, Centre for International Studies, Combat Instruction Set, Communications Intercept System, Communications Interface Shelter, Component Information System, Country Intelligence Study, Criminal Investigative Service, Critical Information Shortfall, central installation supply, change information sheet, close-in support, combat identification system, combat information system, command information system, communications and information system, control indicator set, cost inspection service, Chief, Intelligence and Security (Canadian)8) Техника: Center for Theoretical Studies, chemical injection system, communications and instrumentation system, constant idle speed system, containment internal structure, containment isolation signal, containment isolation system, continuous fuel injection system, coolant injection system9) Юридический термин: Case Information Study, Court Information System, Criminally Insane Snipers10) Автомобильный термин: continuous injection system (Bosch)11) Оптика: compensated imaging system13) Политика: СНГ (Содружество независимых государств)14) Сокращение: Cancer Information Service, Catholic Information Society, Center for International Studies, Chartered Industries of Singapore, Chartered Institute of Secretaries, Combat Intelligence System, Combined Influence Sweep, Command Intelligence System, Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union), Communication & Information System, Conference of Internationally-Minded Schools, Congressional Information Service, Criminal Investigation System (2003 USPS), Center for Internet Security15) Университет: Computer And Information Science16) Физиология: Computer Integrated Surgery17) Вычислительная техника: Card Identification Structure, Card Information Structure, Command Information System (Mil., USA), Compuserve Information Systems (Netzwerk), Card Information Structure / Space (PCMCIA), commonwealth of independent states18) Иммунология: Clinical Information System19) Онкология: Carcinoma In Situ20) Транспорт: Cargo Information Service, Chinese International Shipping, Constant Idle System21) Фирменный знак: Chase Information Systems, Chemical Information Systems, Inc., Com Internet Services, Communication Information Systems22) Полицейский термин: (crime investigation scene) место проведения расследования, (crime investigation scene) место совершения преступления23) Деловая лексика: Client Information System, Common Information System, Computer Information System, Customer Information System, Содружество независимых государств (СНГ, Commonwealth of Independent States)24) Аудит: computer information systems25) Образование: Cities in Schools, Communicating In Spanish, Communities in Schools26) Сетевые технологии: CompuServe Information Service, Computer Internet Server, communication interface system, система сопряжения со средствами связи27) Полупроводники: CMOS imaging sensor28) Сахалин Ю: commonwealth of independent states29) Медицинская техника: cardiac imaging system31) Расширение файла: Contact Image Sensor32) SAP.тех. информационная система компании33) Нефть и газ: corporate information system34) НАТО: Системы связи и информации35) Фантастика Confederacy of Independent Systems36) ООН: Committee For Internal Security37) Чат: Can It Sam38) Аэропорты: The Commonwealth Of Independent States39) Международная торговля: Collaborative Information System -
16 Cis
1) Общая лексика: Collective Investment Scheme, hum. сокр. Chromosome Insertion Sequence, коллективная инвестиционная схема, Client Information Sheet (business), межгосударственный (для стран СНГ и international для всех остальных), Common Implementation Strategy, Centre for Intercultural Studies2) Компьютерная техника: Character Information Sheet, Conversion Indexing Sorting3) Авиация: compressor inlet sensor4) Медицина: система клинической информации (clinical information system), Clinically Isolated Syndrome (дебют рассеянного склероза), Клинически Изолированный Синдром5) Разговорное выражение: эсэнгэвский6) Американизм: Central Intelligence Services, Construction Industry Scheme, Consumer Information Statement, Criminal Investigation Section, Customs Information System7) Военный термин: Canadian Intelligence Service, Central Information Service, Central Instructor School, Centre for International Studies, Combat Instruction Set, Communications Intercept System, Communications Interface Shelter, Component Information System, Country Intelligence Study, Criminal Investigative Service, Critical Information Shortfall, central installation supply, change information sheet, close-in support, combat identification system, combat information system, command information system, communications and information system, control indicator set, cost inspection service, Chief, Intelligence and Security (Canadian)8) Техника: Center for Theoretical Studies, chemical injection system, communications and instrumentation system, constant idle speed system, containment internal structure, containment isolation signal, containment isolation system, continuous fuel injection system, coolant injection system9) Юридический термин: Case Information Study, Court Information System, Criminally Insane Snipers10) Автомобильный термин: continuous injection system (Bosch)11) Оптика: compensated imaging system13) Политика: СНГ (Содружество независимых государств)14) Сокращение: Cancer Information Service, Catholic Information Society, Center for International Studies, Chartered Industries of Singapore, Chartered Institute of Secretaries, Combat Intelligence System, Combined Influence Sweep, Command Intelligence System, Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union), Communication & Information System, Conference of Internationally-Minded Schools, Congressional Information Service, Criminal Investigation System (2003 USPS), Center for Internet Security15) Университет: Computer And Information Science16) Физиология: Computer Integrated Surgery17) Вычислительная техника: Card Identification Structure, Card Information Structure, Command Information System (Mil., USA), Compuserve Information Systems (Netzwerk), Card Information Structure / Space (PCMCIA), commonwealth of independent states18) Иммунология: Clinical Information System19) Онкология: Carcinoma In Situ20) Транспорт: Cargo Information Service, Chinese International Shipping, Constant Idle System21) Фирменный знак: Chase Information Systems, Chemical Information Systems, Inc., Com Internet Services, Communication Information Systems22) Полицейский термин: (crime investigation scene) место проведения расследования, (crime investigation scene) место совершения преступления23) Деловая лексика: Client Information System, Common Information System, Computer Information System, Customer Information System, Содружество независимых государств (СНГ, Commonwealth of Independent States)24) Аудит: computer information systems25) Образование: Cities in Schools, Communicating In Spanish, Communities in Schools26) Сетевые технологии: CompuServe Information Service, Computer Internet Server, communication interface system, система сопряжения со средствами связи27) Полупроводники: CMOS imaging sensor28) Сахалин Ю: commonwealth of independent states29) Медицинская техника: cardiac imaging system31) Расширение файла: Contact Image Sensor32) SAP.тех. информационная система компании33) Нефть и газ: corporate information system34) НАТО: Системы связи и информации35) Фантастика Confederacy of Independent Systems36) ООН: Committee For Internal Security37) Чат: Can It Sam38) Аэропорты: The Commonwealth Of Independent States39) Международная торговля: Collaborative Information System -
17 cis
1) Общая лексика: Collective Investment Scheme, hum. сокр. Chromosome Insertion Sequence, коллективная инвестиционная схема, Client Information Sheet (business), межгосударственный (для стран СНГ и international для всех остальных), Common Implementation Strategy, Centre for Intercultural Studies2) Компьютерная техника: Character Information Sheet, Conversion Indexing Sorting3) Авиация: compressor inlet sensor4) Медицина: система клинической информации (clinical information system), Clinically Isolated Syndrome (дебют рассеянного склероза), Клинически Изолированный Синдром5) Разговорное выражение: эсэнгэвский6) Американизм: Central Intelligence Services, Construction Industry Scheme, Consumer Information Statement, Criminal Investigation Section, Customs Information System7) Военный термин: Canadian Intelligence Service, Central Information Service, Central Instructor School, Centre for International Studies, Combat Instruction Set, Communications Intercept System, Communications Interface Shelter, Component Information System, Country Intelligence Study, Criminal Investigative Service, Critical Information Shortfall, central installation supply, change information sheet, close-in support, combat identification system, combat information system, command information system, communications and information system, control indicator set, cost inspection service, Chief, Intelligence and Security (Canadian)8) Техника: Center for Theoretical Studies, chemical injection system, communications and instrumentation system, constant idle speed system, containment internal structure, containment isolation signal, containment isolation system, continuous fuel injection system, coolant injection system9) Юридический термин: Case Information Study, Court Information System, Criminally Insane Snipers10) Автомобильный термин: continuous injection system (Bosch)11) Оптика: compensated imaging system13) Политика: СНГ (Содружество независимых государств)14) Сокращение: Cancer Information Service, Catholic Information Society, Center for International Studies, Chartered Industries of Singapore, Chartered Institute of Secretaries, Combat Intelligence System, Combined Influence Sweep, Command Intelligence System, Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union), Communication & Information System, Conference of Internationally-Minded Schools, Congressional Information Service, Criminal Investigation System (2003 USPS), Center for Internet Security15) Университет: Computer And Information Science16) Физиология: Computer Integrated Surgery17) Вычислительная техника: Card Identification Structure, Card Information Structure, Command Information System (Mil., USA), Compuserve Information Systems (Netzwerk), Card Information Structure / Space (PCMCIA), commonwealth of independent states18) Иммунология: Clinical Information System19) Онкология: Carcinoma In Situ20) Транспорт: Cargo Information Service, Chinese International Shipping, Constant Idle System21) Фирменный знак: Chase Information Systems, Chemical Information Systems, Inc., Com Internet Services, Communication Information Systems22) Полицейский термин: (crime investigation scene) место проведения расследования, (crime investigation scene) место совершения преступления23) Деловая лексика: Client Information System, Common Information System, Computer Information System, Customer Information System, Содружество независимых государств (СНГ, Commonwealth of Independent States)24) Аудит: computer information systems25) Образование: Cities in Schools, Communicating In Spanish, Communities in Schools26) Сетевые технологии: CompuServe Information Service, Computer Internet Server, communication interface system, система сопряжения со средствами связи27) Полупроводники: CMOS imaging sensor28) Сахалин Ю: commonwealth of independent states29) Медицинская техника: cardiac imaging system31) Расширение файла: Contact Image Sensor32) SAP.тех. информационная система компании33) Нефть и газ: corporate information system34) НАТО: Системы связи и информации35) Фантастика Confederacy of Independent Systems36) ООН: Committee For Internal Security37) Чат: Can It Sam38) Аэропорты: The Commonwealth Of Independent States39) Международная торговля: Collaborative Information System -
18 criminal
1) злочинець, кримінальний злочинець; суб'єкт злочину; особа, винна у вчиненні злочину, особа, визнана злочинцем за судом; особа, засуджена за вчинення злочину; кримінальна поліція2) злочинний; кримінальний, карний•criminal investigation department — управління (відділ) карного розшуку, відділ кримінальних розслідувань, кримінальний розшук ( установа)
criminal investigation technique — = criminal investigation techniques криміналістика
- criminal abortioncriminal investigation techniques — = criminal investigation technique
- criminal abortion act
- criminal abortion law
- criminal abortionist
- criminal abuse of authority
- criminal act
- criminal act on trial
- criminal action
- criminal activities
- criminal activity
- criminal agency
- criminal aggression
- criminal amnesty
- criminal anarchy
- criminal anthropology
- criminal appeal
- criminal area of activity
- criminal arrest
- criminal assault
- criminal association
- criminal at large
- criminal attack
- criminal attempt
- criminal attorney
- criminal bail
- criminal bar
- criminal bargain
- criminal behavior
- criminal behaviuor
- criminal biology
- criminal boss
- criminal breach of trust
- criminal business
- criminal capacity
- criminal career
- criminal cartel
- criminal case
- criminal case study
- criminal casework
- criminal channel
- criminal character
- criminal charge
- criminal charges
- criminal circles
- criminal clerk
- criminal code
- criminal commercial structure
- criminal commitment
- criminal-commitment
- criminal-commitment procedure
- criminal community
- criminal complaint
- criminal complicity
- criminal conduct
- criminal confederation
- criminal connection
- criminal connexion
- criminal conspiracy
- criminal conspirator
- criminal contempt
- criminal conversation
- criminal conviction
- criminal court
- criminal damage
- criminal dealings
- criminal deed
- criminal defence
- criminal defense
- criminal defendant
- criminal design
- criminal detection
- criminal deterrence
- criminal disposition
- criminal district court
- criminal docket
- criminal drug addict
- criminal effort
- criminal element
- criminal elements
- criminal encroachment
- criminal end
- criminal endeavor
- criminal endeavour
- criminal enforcement agency
- criminal enterprise
- criminal environment
- criminal episode
- criminal ethnography
- criminal event
- criminal evidence
- criminal experience
- criminal explosion
- criminal extradition
- criminal field
- criminal file
- criminal fine
- criminal flippancy
- criminal forfeiture
- criminal formation
- criminal fraud
- criminal fugitive
- criminal gang
- criminal geography
- criminal goal
- criminal group
- criminal grouping
- criminal guilt
- criminal habitual drunkard
- criminal history
- criminal homicide
- criminal identification
- criminal identity
- criminal impulse
- criminal in flight
- criminal inaction
- criminal incapacitation
- criminal incident
- criminal industry
- criminal information
- criminal informer
- criminal infraction
- criminal injury
- criminal insanity
- criminal instrument
- criminal intelligence
- criminal intent
- criminal interrogator
- criminal interview
- criminal intrusion
- criminal intrusion
- criminal investigation
- criminal investigative force
- criminal investigator
- criminal involvement
- criminal judge
- criminal jurisdiction
- criminal justice
- criminal justice agency
- criminal justice official
- criminal justice policy
- criminal justice practice
- criminal justice practices
- criminal justice process
- criminal justice system
- criminal label
- criminal law
- criminal law systems
- criminal lawyer
- criminal legislation
- criminal liability
- criminal libel
- criminal lunatic
- criminal machinations
- criminal manufacture
- criminal matter
- criminal matters
- criminal means
- criminal mind
- criminal misbehavior
- criminal misbehaviour
- criminal mischief
- criminal misconduct
- criminal mob
- criminal monopoly
- criminal motive
- criminal nature
- criminal negligence
- criminal obscenity
- criminal occupation
- criminal of ordinary birth
- criminal of war
- criminal offence
- criminal offense
- criminal offence victim
- criminal offense victim
- criminal offender
- criminal office
- criminal omission
- criminal operation
- criminal organization
- criminal participant
- criminal participation
- criminal participator
- criminal pathology
- criminal pattern
- criminal penalty
- criminal personality
- criminal phenomenology
- criminal physics
- criminal physiognomy
- criminal picketing
- criminal plan
- criminal policy
- criminal population
- criminal practice
- criminal presumption
- criminal prisoner
- criminal procedure
- criminal proceeding
- criminal proceedings
- criminal process
- criminal proclivities
- criminal promoter
- criminal propensities
- criminal propensity
- criminal prosecution
- criminal psychiatry
- criminal psychology
- criminal punishment
- criminal punishment system
- criminal purpose
- criminal pursuits
- criminal record
- criminal records
- criminal records office
- criminal regime
- criminal registration
- criminal relief
- criminal remedy
- criminal resistance
- criminal responsibility
- criminal sanction
- criminal science
- criminal sector of economy
- criminal sentence
- criminal sentencing
- criminal side
- criminal society
- criminal sociology
- criminal solicitation
- criminal sophistication
- criminal specialist
- criminal standards
- criminal statistics
- criminal stigma
- criminal structure
- criminal suit
- criminal summons
- criminal suspect
- criminal syndicate
- criminal system
- criminal tendency
- criminal terror
- criminal terrorism
- criminal transaction
- criminal treatment
- criminal trespass
- criminal trial
- criminal twist
- criminal under applicable law
- criminal use
- criminal use of guns
- criminal violation
- criminal violence
- criminal world
- criminal youth
- criminal's counsel
- criminal's description -
19 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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20 исследование
. ведутся исследования с целью; вести исследования; для научных исследований в области монокристаллов; изучение; область исследований; обширные исследования; проводить исследования; широкие исследования•Every research group involved in elucidation of molecular structure must...
•Some of earlier inquiries into this topic demonstrated that...
•Explorations into the replication of...
•We undertook an extensive investigation into videohead operation.
•An investigation of the effects of pressure...
•A fundamental investigation on irreversible hydrogen embrittlement has been undertaken.
•Research in building materials...
•Research into wood pulp production...
•The pressure of war stimulated research on agents suitable for the control of infectious diseases.
•Several studies on the infrared dichroism of oriented cellulose have been made.
* * *Исследование -- investigation, research, study; analysis, examination (математическое); search (поиск)—в настоящем исследовании внимание сосредоточено на—распространение исследования наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > исследование
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